Document 1: the relationship between transport and transformations emergence of new tourist sites
Reprinted Destination Normandy, Catalogue of the exhibition on tourism in Normandy , Château de Caen, 2009 (see bibliography attached )
"The first wave of tourists arrived in Normandy in the middle of the nineteenth century moved by rail. We visited the city on foot and we rented carriages to do around the city, excursions which led to the high places of the province. In the late nineteenth century, two new appear transportation: the bicycle and automotive. New intermediaries will then give the task of learn-ing to their happy owners how to visit the Normandy otherwise. In
tidal cycling
The Touring Club de France was created in Paris in 1890 by the bourgeois amateur travel by bicycle. These edits a magazine and organize group excursions to learn together, how to make the most of this new way to explore the country. Thus only fifty of them from Paris towards Caudebec in 1897, intending to go see the tidal bore, this natural phenomenon that occurs the mouth of the Seine where the tide meets the river water.
The story of the bicycle trip was intended to show that anything is possible. In fact, tourists cyclists follow the footsteps of those who preceded them with carriage: they visit the same monuments, churches, villages and castles. However, they experience new sensations. They find, for example, hard ribs. Normandy is in their stories, steep mountain air. The raids, however, are an opportunity to enjoy the scenery.
Maps and booklets are published specifically for those cyclists that they indicate, diagrams in support, where steep hills and descents.
The appearance of the automobile after 1895 allows us to imagine new ways to tour, including the Touring Club of France will be ardent propagandist. In fact, two uses of the automobile entertainment pronounced: ostentation in seaside towns and tourist travel itself, preferably the leading travel-exchanger in the interior of the country.
Strolling in Deauville
Subject luxury car perfectly suited to the lifestyle of the great resorts of the early century. Deauville is revived in the 1912 season around the automobile. The architecture and organization of cities are changing: new porches major hotels allow "drivers" to place at the foot of their transient hotel. The contest sought elegance combine the toilet women
and luxurious appearance of cars parading for the benefit of automotive manufacturers that have adopted the station. The tour adds to the car ride on the seafront in the panoply of ritual bathing. Kinds of buses appear, offering group trips to hotel guests, as evidenced by the photographs included in advertisements. The story of "return to Paris," the evening or at the end of the weekend, starting to become a literary motif.
"learn" the Travel automotive
The car gives new dimensions to excursions in the Normandy countryside. Embark on the road by car in 1900, however, is a risky business. The failure is a constant threat and tires may burst at any moment, one is never sure to find gas, some slopes are impossible to climb and the brakes are inadequate dangerous on the downhills. The motorist then we need to tell him
where to find help, and that draws him a map adapted to the possibilities of his vehicle. Intermediates are formed, which give to facilitate the conversion of tourists to the car and make tourism a more dynamic economic resource to the most rural areas. The firm Michelin, Touring Club de France and the tourist offer themselves as intermediaries between the new travelers and local society.
Roads "quaint" or "generally bumpy" ?
The firm Michelin publishes in 1900 a guide for motorists. The edition of 1905, more complete, allows us to understand how organized while motoring in Normandy.
In Caen, for example, the "Great Garage Caen, which has a" sophisticated equipment ", is an officer of Renault, Panhard and De Dion. There are Michelin brand tires. Car trips are evaluated according to the possibilities of motor time. Thus the road from Caen to Domfront is it considered "hard" because of ribs and 7% of raids as "very dangerous". The driver for the same reason be reluctant to embark on the road Courseulles, which has a side by 6%. He preferred RERA roads Trouville and Cabourg, "picturesque" and strong "wheel". All roads in the province and are measured against the performance of new vehicles.
cards issued by the company Michelin develops this point of view. She who is devoted to the tip of the Cotentin early in the century clearly prioritizes the roads according to the needs of drivers. Are shown in red roads "where we see far ahead, without breaking, or donkey, generally allowing high speeds "in the case of the road to Bayeux Isigny example. Roads "or quaint picturesque" are lined with a green border: all roads of the Cape of La Hague and are recommended. By contrast, Saint-Germain-le-Gaillard, a dotted red indicates a road "generally screwed" while double arrows warn motorists not to venture on the coast of Flamanville.
The other guides are adapting to the car by turning to the oldest, their internal organization: the descriptions of cities, for example, are now often accompanied by a plan usable by a motorist. Gabriel Monmarché renovating the old series "Joanne." A new "Blue Guide" and is edited for Normandy in 1910.
Penetrating the depths of the country
Some guides are adorned in their title the word "automobile" in the image of "Diamond Auto Guides, whose volume Normandy, Brittany and the Channel Islands, English is published by Hachette in 1937. The concurrent collection
"Guides Conty" offers a volume of 52 maps and plans dealing with "roads for cars" on the side of Granville Nantes. The 495-page guide published by Delagrave in the inter-war describe in detail the monumental wealth of Lower Normandy. Daily excursions are 20 to 30 miles, sometimes more, and a center of interest is reported every two or three kilometers. Between Caen and Falaise we can stop at 9 km, at km 11, km 13 ... Not a village church, not a steeple, a dolmen not escape the careful motorist. Moreover, the road becomes an attraction in itself. Each route is preceded by a commentary on the charms of the road. Overall, the editor of "Guide Delagrave "Prefers shady roads, the views and varied scenery suddenly unveiled at the bend of a hill. The flat and straight lines the bore.
organize reality
The driver needs to stop for lunch and sleep. It lies at the beginning of the century, faced with a problem: the hotels and inns in small towns to which the car gives him access does not meet his demands for cleanliness and quality. To improve this state of affairs and allow tourism to grow really, the Touring Club de France starts to work in advertising the good and denouncing evil. He noted as well in the pages of his magazine excellence in a hotel of Gournay-en-Bray, who seems to have some rooms furnished according to the methods "hygienic" he recommends.
When the magazine in 1910, requires restaurants to adopt a regional cuisine that
also contributes to "invent", Normandy seems to succeed at the game:
"Along the Channel holds nothing attention. Hotels resorts seem to have their menus to stereotype all establishments [...]. It should reach to find Normandy dishes out of the ordinary. Cheers for the omelet Mere Poulard in Mont-Saint-Michel. Less enthusiasm for the smoke andouille de Vire, compliments of Cancale oysters and prawns Chausey Islands. Caen deserves a citation for his way of preparing tripe, as the valley of Auge
for its cider. And all around Camembert cheese king, Vimoutiers and many other places cele-bers by the products of their grasses. "
The Touring Club also focuses on landscape protection. Committee of volunteers charged with protecting the sites and monuments picturesque are created nationally and locally. At its meeting of 7 December 1909, the National Committee concerned and of the trees along the Orne between Caen and the sea, we want to cut. The following year, the Touring Club publishes a map of the forest of Lyons distinguishes the pedestrian route permit, the rider, the cyclist and the motorist in order to contribute to a rational use of forest tourism.
The Touring Club of France also supports the efforts of union leadership. These have emerged in recent decades of the nineteenth century in urban water and mountains. They unite the energies of merchants interested in tourism development, elected officials and local scholars. He organizes
Rouen in 1910 courses in French literature and history for foreigners, as well as excursions around the city. That of Deauville, exceptionally rich and active, is editing a book in 1913 entitled Tour hundred kilometers from Deauville. All will focus on the publication of brochures, often modest, which have the resources of the immediate environs of a city. They are advertisements that tout the charms of hotels and give any kind of useful pre-decisions, timetables and fares. Often a local writer, historian, journalist, was mobi-
Lisé to publicize the story more or less fictionalized old buildings and extolling the charms of the countryside. When the operation takes a turn for systematic international customers, we proceed to the baptism of a stretch of coastline, like the Riviera: thus was born on the coast of Calvados coast including Shell, said the bleuNormandie Guide, the sandy beaches and flat drive, bordered by rocks at low tide Algae covered with iodine fumes, are generally suitable for children. "
Unions initiatives, guides, magazines, all attached in their publications to give a portrait at the far excavated in the region. There is a paradox in this rage of description: there will be more tourists, less the character of the country that enchants travelers remain original. This is the paradox of tourism evokes a light tone the author of an article in the magazine of the Touring Club of France recommended in April 1939, to all who have gone down the Seine in tandem, self or even by canoe, the site visit charming Old Port:
"season weekend approach. Maybe you are looking for the "small hole" nice and cheap, if desired for the short vacation, I would point out the Old Port. Go ahead and especially do not tell anyone! "
tidal cycling
The Touring Club de France was created in Paris in 1890 by the bourgeois amateur travel by bicycle. These edits a magazine and organize group excursions to learn together, how to make the most of this new way to explore the country. Thus only fifty of them from Paris towards Caudebec in 1897, intending to go see the tidal bore, this natural phenomenon that occurs the mouth of the Seine where the tide meets the river water.
The story of the bicycle trip was intended to show that anything is possible. In fact, tourists cyclists follow the footsteps of those who preceded them with carriage: they visit the same monuments, churches, villages and castles. However, they experience new sensations. They find, for example, hard ribs. Normandy is in their stories, steep mountain air. The raids, however, are an opportunity to enjoy the scenery.
Maps and booklets are published specifically for those cyclists that they indicate, diagrams in support, where steep hills and descents.
The appearance of the automobile after 1895 allows us to imagine new ways to tour, including the Touring Club of France will be ardent propagandist. In fact, two uses of the automobile entertainment pronounced: ostentation in seaside towns and tourist travel itself, preferably the leading travel-exchanger in the interior of the country.
Strolling in Deauville
Subject luxury car perfectly suited to the lifestyle of the great resorts of the early century. Deauville is revived in the 1912 season around the automobile. The architecture and organization of cities are changing: new porches major hotels allow "drivers" to place at the foot of their transient hotel. The contest sought elegance combine the toilet women
and luxurious appearance of cars parading for the benefit of automotive manufacturers that have adopted the station. The tour adds to the car ride on the seafront in the panoply of ritual bathing. Kinds of buses appear, offering group trips to hotel guests, as evidenced by the photographs included in advertisements. The story of "return to Paris," the evening or at the end of the weekend, starting to become a literary motif.
"learn" the Travel automotive
The car gives new dimensions to excursions in the Normandy countryside. Embark on the road by car in 1900, however, is a risky business. The failure is a constant threat and tires may burst at any moment, one is never sure to find gas, some slopes are impossible to climb and the brakes are inadequate dangerous on the downhills. The motorist then we need to tell him
where to find help, and that draws him a map adapted to the possibilities of his vehicle. Intermediates are formed, which give to facilitate the conversion of tourists to the car and make tourism a more dynamic economic resource to the most rural areas. The firm Michelin, Touring Club de France and the tourist offer themselves as intermediaries between the new travelers and local society.
Roads "quaint" or "generally bumpy" ?
The firm Michelin publishes in 1900 a guide for motorists. The edition of 1905, more complete, allows us to understand how organized while motoring in Normandy.
In Caen, for example, the "Great Garage Caen, which has a" sophisticated equipment ", is an officer of Renault, Panhard and De Dion. There are Michelin brand tires. Car trips are evaluated according to the possibilities of motor time. Thus the road from Caen to Domfront is it considered "hard" because of ribs and 7% of raids as "very dangerous". The driver for the same reason be reluctant to embark on the road Courseulles, which has a side by 6%. He preferred RERA roads Trouville and Cabourg, "picturesque" and strong "wheel". All roads in the province and are measured against the performance of new vehicles.
cards issued by the company Michelin develops this point of view. She who is devoted to the tip of the Cotentin early in the century clearly prioritizes the roads according to the needs of drivers. Are shown in red roads "where we see far ahead, without breaking, or donkey, generally allowing high speeds "in the case of the road to Bayeux Isigny example. Roads "or quaint picturesque" are lined with a green border: all roads of the Cape of La Hague and are recommended. By contrast, Saint-Germain-le-Gaillard, a dotted red indicates a road "generally screwed" while double arrows warn motorists not to venture on the coast of Flamanville.
The other guides are adapting to the car by turning to the oldest, their internal organization: the descriptions of cities, for example, are now often accompanied by a plan usable by a motorist. Gabriel Monmarché renovating the old series "Joanne." A new "Blue Guide" and is edited for Normandy in 1910.
Penetrating the depths of the country
Some guides are adorned in their title the word "automobile" in the image of "Diamond Auto Guides, whose volume Normandy, Brittany and the Channel Islands, English is published by Hachette in 1937. The concurrent collection
"Guides Conty" offers a volume of 52 maps and plans dealing with "roads for cars" on the side of Granville Nantes. The 495-page guide published by Delagrave in the inter-war describe in detail the monumental wealth of Lower Normandy. Daily excursions are 20 to 30 miles, sometimes more, and a center of interest is reported every two or three kilometers. Between Caen and Falaise we can stop at 9 km, at km 11, km 13 ... Not a village church, not a steeple, a dolmen not escape the careful motorist. Moreover, the road becomes an attraction in itself. Each route is preceded by a commentary on the charms of the road. Overall, the editor of "Guide Delagrave "Prefers shady roads, the views and varied scenery suddenly unveiled at the bend of a hill. The flat and straight lines the bore.
organize reality
The driver needs to stop for lunch and sleep. It lies at the beginning of the century, faced with a problem: the hotels and inns in small towns to which the car gives him access does not meet his demands for cleanliness and quality. To improve this state of affairs and allow tourism to grow really, the Touring Club de France starts to work in advertising the good and denouncing evil. He noted as well in the pages of his magazine excellence in a hotel of Gournay-en-Bray, who seems to have some rooms furnished according to the methods "hygienic" he recommends.
When the magazine in 1910, requires restaurants to adopt a regional cuisine that
also contributes to "invent", Normandy seems to succeed at the game:
"Along the Channel holds nothing attention. Hotels resorts seem to have their menus to stereotype all establishments [...]. It should reach to find Normandy dishes out of the ordinary. Cheers for the omelet Mere Poulard in Mont-Saint-Michel. Less enthusiasm for the smoke andouille de Vire, compliments of Cancale oysters and prawns Chausey Islands. Caen deserves a citation for his way of preparing tripe, as the valley of Auge
for its cider. And all around Camembert cheese king, Vimoutiers and many other places cele-bers by the products of their grasses. "
The Touring Club also focuses on landscape protection. Committee of volunteers charged with protecting the sites and monuments picturesque are created nationally and locally. At its meeting of 7 December 1909, the National Committee concerned and of the trees along the Orne between Caen and the sea, we want to cut. The following year, the Touring Club publishes a map of the forest of Lyons distinguishes the pedestrian route permit, the rider, the cyclist and the motorist in order to contribute to a rational use of forest tourism.
The Touring Club of France also supports the efforts of union leadership. These have emerged in recent decades of the nineteenth century in urban water and mountains. They unite the energies of merchants interested in tourism development, elected officials and local scholars. He organizes
Rouen in 1910 courses in French literature and history for foreigners, as well as excursions around the city. That of Deauville, exceptionally rich and active, is editing a book in 1913 entitled Tour hundred kilometers from Deauville. All will focus on the publication of brochures, often modest, which have the resources of the immediate environs of a city. They are advertisements that tout the charms of hotels and give any kind of useful pre-decisions, timetables and fares. Often a local writer, historian, journalist, was mobi-
Lisé to publicize the story more or less fictionalized old buildings and extolling the charms of the countryside. When the operation takes a turn for systematic international customers, we proceed to the baptism of a stretch of coastline, like the Riviera: thus was born on the coast of Calvados coast including Shell, said the bleuNormandie Guide, the sandy beaches and flat drive, bordered by rocks at low tide Algae covered with iodine fumes, are generally suitable for children. "
Unions initiatives, guides, magazines, all attached in their publications to give a portrait at the far excavated in the region. There is a paradox in this rage of description: there will be more tourists, less the character of the country that enchants travelers remain original. This is the paradox of tourism evokes a light tone the author of an article in the magazine of the Touring Club of France recommended in April 1939, to all who have gone down the Seine in tandem, self or even by canoe, the site visit charming Old Port:
"season weekend approach. Maybe you are looking for the "small hole" nice and cheap, if desired for the short vacation, I would point out the Old Port. Go ahead and especially do not tell anyone! "
in Destination Normandy, Caen, 2009, dir. Elizabeth Gandin
